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Multi-sport event in Helsinki, Finland

Games of the 15 Olympiad

Emblem of the 1952 Summertime Olympics
Host urban center	Helsinki, Finland
Nations	69
Athletes	4,955 (4,436 men, 519 women)
Events	149 in 17 sports (23 disciplines)
Opening	19 July 1952
Endmost	3 August 1952
Opened by	President Juho Kusti Paasikivi[ane]
Cauldron	Hannes Kolehmainen[i] Paavo Nurmi
Stadium	Helsingin Olympiastadion
Summer ←London 1948 Melbourne 1956 → Winter ←Oslo 1952 Cortina 1956 →

The 1952 Summer Olympics (Finnish: Kesäolympialaiset 1952; Swedish: Olympiska sommarspelen 1952), officially known as the Games of the Xv Olympiad (Finnish: XV olympiadin kisat; Swedish: Den XV olympiadens spel) and ordinarily known equally Helsinki 1952 (Swedish: Helsingfors 1952), were an international multi-sport consequence held from 19 July to 3 August 1952 in Helsinki, Finland.

Later Japan alleged in 1938 that it would be unable to host 1940 Olympics in Tokyo due to the ongoing 2d Sino-Japanese State of war, Helsinki had been selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were and then cancelled due to Earth War 2. Tokyo eventually hosted the games in 1964. Helsinki is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held. With London hosting the 1948 Olympics, 1952 is the most recent time when two consecutive summertime Olympics Games were held entirely in Europe. The 1952 Summer Olympics was the last of the two consecutive Olympics to be held in Northern Europe, post-obit the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway.

They were as well the Olympic Games at which the well-nigh globe records were broken until they were surpassed by the 2008 Summer Games in Beijing.^[ii] The Soviet Wedlock, the People's Republic of Prc, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Thailand, and Saarland fabricated their Olympic debuts at the 1952 Games. The U.s. won the most gilded and overall medals.

Finnish stamp stamp featuring the Helsinki Olympic Stadium issued in 1951^[three]

Background and grooming of the Games [edit]

Host city option [edit]

Inspired by the success of the Swedish 1912 Olympics, Finnish sports fans began to arouse the idea of their ain Olympic Games: for instance, Erik von Frenckell publicly presented his dreams of the Finnish Olympic Games at the opening of the 1915 Töölön Pallokenttä.^[4]

Every bit the Olympic success connected in the 1920s, enthusiasm for i'southward ain Olympics grew, and after the 1920 Antwerp Olympics, Finnish sports leaders began planning to build a stadium in Helsinki in 1920. Finland'due south main sports organizations and the Metropolis of Helsinki founded the Stadion Foundation in 1927 to get the stadium to Helsinki. In the aforementioned twelvemonth, Ernst Edvard Krogius, who represented Finland on the International Olympic Committee (IOC), announced Finland's willingness to host the competition.^[5]

In 1930, preparations for the 1936 Games, which was accelerated past the launch of a pattern projection for the Olympic Stadium. However, Helsinki was non a candidate in the first circular in 1931,^[6] and Berlin won the competition, but Helsinki immediately registered as a candidate for the 1940 Games.^[5] Those games were awarded to Tokyo in 1936, and two years later with the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War Nihon appear they were giving upward the 1940 games, and iv days later the IOC offered the Games to Helsinki, which agreed to take over, although at that place was little time left to fix for the Games.^[7]

Earth War 2 bankrupt out on 1 September 1939, with the High german invasion of Poland, which also drew United kingdom and French republic to war. Despite the aggression, the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games continued to be optimistic about the preparations for the Games. However, the Winter War, initiated by the Soviet Marriage on 30 Nov 1939, halted planning for the games. After the Winter State of war, the Organizing Committee decided to abandon the Games on 20 March 1940 due to the hostilities beyond Europe, the break of preparations acquired past the Wintertime War, and the deplorable economic situation. At the meeting of the Finnish Olympic Committee on twenty April 1940, the Olympic Games in Finland were officially canceled. In the meantime, World War II had already expanded, with Deutschland occupying Denmark and fighting in Norway.^[7] Instead of the Olympic Games, Finland held a Memorial Competitions for Fallen Athletes who died in the Winter State of war, at the opening of which thespian Eino Kaipainen recited the poem Silent Winners written by Yrjö Jylhä [fi]. The memorial competitions were held on the initiative of the sports announcer Sulo Kolka.^[8]

At the end of Earth War II, London was awarded the 1948 Summer Olympics after the city was originally granted the 1944 Games, which were canceled due to the state of war. Helsinki continued its attempt to have the Games organized and registered as candidates for the 1952 Games. At the IOC Congress in Stockholm on 21 June 1947, Helsinki was chosen every bit the host city, over kingdom of the netherlands (Amsterdam) and the United States Los Angeles, Minneapolis, Detroit, Chicago and Philadelphia were left behind in Helsinki.^[ix] Helsinki's strengths included the fairly completed venues congenital for the 1940 Games.

1952 Summertime Olympics behest results^[x]

City	State	Round one	Round 2
Helsinki	Republic of finland	fourteen	15
Minneapolis	Us	4	5
Los Angeles	United States	4	v
Amsterdam	Netherlands	three	3
Detroit	Us	2	—
Chicago	United States	i	—
Philadelphia	The states	0	—

Organizing Commission [edit]

Later on confirmation that Helsinki would host the Games, the "15 Olympia Helsinki 1952" was established as the organizing committee of the Games on 8 September 1947. Its members were the Finnish Olympic Committee, the Finnish Country, the City of Helsinki and 26 diverse sports organizations. The mayor of Helsinki Erik von Frenckell was elected chairman of the committee, who at the time also chaired Finnish Football Clan. Akseli Kaskela, Olavi Suvanto and Armas-Eino Martola were elected Vice-Chairs.^[eleven] Amid them, Kaskela and Suvanto were elected on political grounds every bit representatives of the bourgeois SVUL and the leftist TUL, Martola, on the other manus, got a former officer to lead the organization of the applied arrangements.^[12]

Other members of the Organizing Commission were Yrjö Enne, Väinö AM Karikoski, Urho Kekkonen, Ernst Krogius , William Lehtinen, Aarne Chiliad. Leskinen, Eino Pekkala, Väinö Salovaara and Erik Åström. In 1948–1949, Karikoski, Kekkonen, Krogius and Lehtinen resigned from the commission, and Lauri Miettinen, Arno Tuurna and Yrjö Valkama were elected to supersede them. In the spring of 1952, Ente was replaced by Arvi E. Heiskanen and as completely new members by Mauno Pekkala and Aaro Tynell.^[eleven]

Erik von Frenckell was the chairman of the organizing commission and the other members were Armas-Eino Martola (contest manager), Yrjö Valkama (sports manager), Olavi Suvanto (maintenance director), Akseli Kaskela, Aarne K. Leskinen and Niilo Koskinen. In improver, the head of the primal office Kallio Kotkas and the head of information Eero Petäjäniemi were involved in the competition organization.^[11]

Political situation [edit]

The international political atmosphere was tense when the Helsinki Olympics were held. When the IOC held its meeting in Vienna in 1951, many difficult topics were on the agenda. The Cold War was nether fashion, and the situation between Israel and Arab countries, divided Germany had to be addressed equally a team, and the Chinese Civil War, with the Chinese Communist Party winning, forming the People's Republic of Prc and the Republic of People's republic of china government exiled to Taiwan.^[thirteen]

Four years before, Nihon was not invited to the London Olympics from the losing states of the 2nd Earth War. The Olympic Committee of Israel had non withal been recognized, and a successor to the German Olympic Committee, which had been dissolved during Earth State of war II, had non nonetheless been established, but all these countries already participated in the Helsinki Games, every bit did Saarland.^[fourteen]

The Cold War affected the participation of both the United states of america and the Soviet Union in the Games. The participation of the United States in the Games was decided only after the country had received an assessment of the political situation in Finland from its embassy in Helsinki. The Soviet Union was accustomed as a fellow member of the IOC in May 1951, and in December of the same year the country accepted the invitation to the competition, every bit the country's athletes were in medal status.^[xv] Although the Soviet leadership had previously considered the Games a conservative event, the Helsinki Games held propaganda value.^[16] In the Soviet Union, billions of rubles were spent on coaching athletes in only one twelvemonth.^[17] The Soviet Spousal relationship planned to fly its athletes every twenty-four hour period between Leningrad and Helsinki. Another option was for Soviet athletes to stay in the Soviet Porkkalanniemi garrison. All the same, Finland required that all competitors stay in the race village. As a compromise solution for the Eastern Bloc athletes, a 2nd race village was established in Espoo, Otaniemi.^[18]

The 1952 Games were too threatened with cancellation due to the deteriorating globe state of affairs. The Korean War had begun in 1950, which also caused concern in the organizing committee. At Von Frenckell's suggestion, the organizing committee decided to take out Lloyd'south of London state of war insurance.^[19]

Construction work [edit]

Most of the venues for the competitions were completed prior to the 1940s in apprehension of successful bid attempts, just some expansion and refurbishment piece of work was needed, including the construction of additional stands at the Olympic and Swimming Stadium.^[20] A residential area, Kisakylä (Olympic Village) was built due south of Käpylä's Koskelantie to suit competitors. The area, which was built close to the 1940 Olympics, was already the residence of the people of Helsinki at that time.^[21] Just beneath the opening, the contest area was completed for the use of visitors Kumpula Outdoor Swimming Pool. Female person athletes got their own race village from the Nursing Higher in Meilahti.^[22] The athletes of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc stayed in the Teekkarikylä in Otaniemi.^[21] The Finnish team lived on the bounds of the Santahamina Army Schoolhouse (later on the Buck School, at present the National Defence University).^[23]

The City of Helsinki prepared for the Olympics past building a new airport in Seutula (at present Helsinki-Vantaan lentoasema), ^[24] the Olympic Pier South Harbor^[25] and paving tens of kilometers of roads. The city'south commencement traffic lights were installed at the intersection of Aleksanterinkatu and Mikonkatu in October 1951.^[26] The Palace Hotel and Vaakuna Hotels among others, were completed for the needs of the guests. However, due to the relatively depression number of hotels in the city, tent villages were congenital for tourists in Lauttasaari and Seurasaari, among others.^[27] However, the preparations for accommodation turned out to be considerably oversized; at its best, the occupancy rate of the 6,000-seat tent village in Lauttasaari had an occupancy of but 8 per cent. With the support of the Olympia 1952 commission, Republic of finland'southward start mini golf courses were completed to entertain guests.^[28]

Anthem [edit]

The International Olympic Committee had declared in 1950 that it did non have an official Olympic anthem, merely that the organizers could make up one's mind their own anthems. An anthem competition was held in Finland. In the bound of 1951, a poesy contest was announced, which was surprisingly won by an unknown instructor candidate, Niilo Partanen. 2d and third came the well-known poets Toivo Lyy and Heikki Asunta. These winning poems were allowed to be used in the composition competition. The option of the 51 compositions by a jury chaired past Jouko Tolonen was also a surprise. When the winner was announced on 17 March 1952, an unknown instructor Jaakko Linjama was revealed behind the nickname, who had used Lyy'south lyrics in his Olympic Hymn.^[29]

The nicknames of the other contestants were not opened. This caused a stir, and the Arijoutsi, amid others, doubted that the victory of the unknown would go to the honor of well-known composers. There were well-known members in the competition. The voters had identified the composing style of Uuno Klami and Aarre Merikanto, among others. The merely Finnish composer who congratulated Linjamaa was Jean Sibelius, who did not take role in the anthem.^[29]

Torch relay [edit]

The Olympic torch was transported by country from Olympia to Athens from where burn down's journey continued in a miner'due south lamp donated by the Saar Olympic Commission on a SAS plane to Aalborg, Kingdom of denmark. The drinking glass cover surrounding the lamp was designed past the creative person Sakari Tohka.^[xxx] The Olympic torch itself was designed by the creative person Aukusti Tuhka.^[31]

From Kingdom of denmark, the torchlight continued by running, cycling, riding, rowing and paddling to Copenhagen, from where the fire was transported past ferry to Sweden to Malmö. The journey of the torch beyond Sweden was carried to Haparanda past 700 messengers, from where it continued to the Finnish side in Tornio. On the Finnish-Swedish border span, the torch was received by Ville Pörhölä, who brought it to Tornio sports ground.^[thirty] The Olympic torch from Tornio, Hellenic republic, was continued to Pallastunturi on half-dozen July 1952 where information technology ignited the "midnight dominicus fire". In reality, the Pallastunturi burn down was lit with liquefied petroleum gas, considering the nighttime in July was cloudy at that time and information technology was not possible to use the lord's day as a lighter.^[32] From Tornio, the torch traveled through Finland to Helsinki. It was transported by more than 1,200 people.^[33]

Forest Counselor Jarl Sundqvist tries to low-cal an Olympic torch with a mirror from the midnight dominicus on Pallastunturi on 6 July 1952.

Initially, the aim was to transport fire to Helsinki via the Soviet Union, but the matter was not settled through diplomacy by the deadline.^[xxx] The journey covered a total of 7,870 kilometres on the journey that began on 25 June and ended on 19 July 1952.^[34] The actual Olympic flame was lit for the Olympic Stadium.^[35]

Olympic torch relay:

Opening ceremony [edit]

The opening ceremony of the Helsinki Olympics was held on 19 July. Although the weather was rainy and dank and the Olympic Stadium had no roof but on top of the main auditorium, the stadium was full with 70,435 spectators.^[40] The countdown march had a tape v,469 people from 67 countries.^[41] Afterward the march, the countries organized themselves into the central backyard, and the chairman of the organizing commission, Erik von Frenckell, spoke in Finnish, Swedish, French and English.

President of the Republic J. Yard. Paasikivi gave the opening speech communication, which was the shortest in Olympic history and independent a mistake: it was not the "Fifteenth Olympic Games", but the XV Olympic Games and the twelfth World Olympics, due to the 1916, 1940 and 1944 races had been canceled. The speech was followed by the raising of the Olympic flag and the Olympic fanfare composed by Aarre Merikanto.^{[29] [42]} The President'south spoken communication was as follows:

It gives me great pleasance to address a message of greeting to the young people of the earth every bit they ready for the fifteenth Olympic Games which are, in one case once more, to be historic in a spirit worthy of the ideals of Baron de Coubertin.

This happy cooperation betwixt young people of all countries volition serve the great call of concord and peace amongst the nations of the globe.

I am particularly pleased to be sending you this accelerate greeting because, every bit a young homo, I was myself an enthusiastic gymnast and athlete. And I take retained throughout my life a deep interest in athletics and sports of all kinds.

I am convinced that the Finnish people, loving sport as they exercise, will spare no effort to make the 1952 Olympic Games a complete success.^[43]

The Olympic flame was lit by running heroes Paavo Nurmi (to the stadium) and Hannes Kolehmainen (to the stadium tower). When Paavo Nurmi was announced to arrive at the stadium, athletes from the participating countries deviated from the formation to see the legend improve. Only the lines of the Soviet Union and Republic of finland remained in the line.^[42]

After the Olympic flame was lit, the Archbishop Ilmari Salomies was due to say a prayer, simply German Barbara Rotbraut-Pleyer, nicknamed "White Angel of the Games", had jumped from the auditorium onto the runway and ran directly to the speaker's seat. Organizers chop-chop removed Pleyer, who had time to say just a few words into the microphone. Pleyer's purpose was to proclaim a message of peace. Heikki Savolainen, a gymnast who was competing in his 5th consecutive Olympic games, swore the Olympic oath on behalf of the athletes.^[44]

Highlights [edit]

• These were the last Olympic Games organised under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström.
• Israel fabricated its Olympic debut. The Jewish state had been unable to participate in the 1948 Games considering of its 1947–1949 Palestine war. A previous Palestine Mandate squad had boycotted the 1936 Games in protest of the Nazi regime.
• Indonesia made its Olympic debut with three athletes.
• The newly established People's Republic of People's republic of china (Red china) participated in the Olympics for the get-go fourth dimension, although only one swimmer (Wu Chuanyu) of its twoscore-member delegation arrived in time to accept part in the official competition.^[45] The PRC would not render to the Summer Olympics until Los Angeles 1984.
• The Republic of China (Taiwan) withdrew from the Games on July twenty, in protest of the IOC conclusion to allow athletes from the People'southward Democracy of Prc to compete.^[46]
• The Soviet Union participated for the first time. Soviet Olympic team was notorious for skirting the edge of amateur rules. All Soviet athletes held some nominal jobs, but were in fact state-sponsored and trained full-time. Co-ordinate to many experts, that gave the Soviet Spousal relationship a huge advantage over the United States and other Western countries, whose athletes were students or existent amateurs.^{[47] [48]} Indeed, the Soviet Union monopolized the top place in the medal standings after 1968, and, until its collapse, placed second merely one time, in the 1984 Winter games, after another Eastern bloc nation, the Gdr. Amateur rules were relaxed only in the tardily 1980s and were almost completely abolished in the 1990s, after the autumn of the USSR.^{[49] [50]}
• The Soviets turned the athletic competition into a metaphor for political propaganda: "Every record won by our sportsmen, every victory in international contests, graphically demonstrates to the whole world the advantages and forcefulness of the Soviet organisation."(Sovetsky Sport) Additionally, Soviet state media falsely claimed victory at these Games, despite the Soviet Union finishing second the United States both in terms of gold and full medals.^[51]
• The Olympic Flame was lit by ii Finnish heroes, runners Paavo Nurmi and Hannes Kolehmainen. Nurmi first lit the cauldron inside the stadium, and later the flame was relayed to the stadium belfry where Kolehmainen lit it. Only the flame in the tower was burning throughout the Olympics. (See: 1952 Summer Olympics torch relay.)
• Germany and Japan were invited after beingness barred in 1948. Post-obit the mail-state of war occupation and partition, iii High german states had been established. Teams from the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saarland (which joined the Frg after 1955) participated; the German Autonomous Republic (East Germany) was absent-minded. Though they won 24 medals, the fifth-highest total at the Games, German language competitors failed to win a gilded medal for the just time.
• Eva Perón, the celebrated Beginning Lady of Argentina, died of cancer in July 1952 while the Olympics were taking place, then a memorial was held at the Games for the Argentine team.^[52]

Sports events [edit]

There were four,925 athletes from 69 countries, of which the Soviet Union offset participated in the Olympics and Frg for the outset time since World War 2. A total of 149 competitions were held in 17 dissimilar sports.^{[53] [54]}

The biggest heroes of the Games were Viktor Chukarin of the Soviet Union, who won four gymnastics Olympic aureate medals, and Czechoslovakia's Emil Zátopek, who won 3 running golds. The United States achieved the most medals; 40 gold, 19 silver, 17 bronze. The host country, Republic of finland, had 6 gold, three silver and thirteen bronze medals.^{[55] [56] [57]}

Shooting [edit]

Shooting was competed in seven events, six of which (rifle sports) were conducted at the Malmin Shooting Range in moderately difficult wind weather. Tough results were still fired in Helsinki, every bit the top four deer shooting broke globe records. World records for knee joint position were besides broken in complimentary and small rifles. Shotgun shooting took place at the Huopalahti shooting range.^[58]

X countries took medals from the shooting. Norway was the merely country to win two golden medals, with the Soviet Union winning the nigh medals. Boris Andreyev was the only shooter in the Soviet Wedlock to win two medals.^[59] A Finnish winner was already celebrated in a miniature rifle when Vilho Ylönen had time to play on the radio Björneborgarnas marsch. Yet, in an hour-long countdown, the Norwegian Erling Asbjørn Kongshaug was alleged the winner of the contest.^[lx]

Football [edit]

The football tournament started even before the official opening, as the i-piece qualifiers took place on 15–xvi July in Kotka, Lahti, Tampere, Turku and Helsinki. There were 27 countries registered for the tournament, only Saarland and United mexican states dropped out before the Games.^[61]

Hungary Gold Team won the gilt when it knocked down the Yugoslavia in the final with a score of 2–0. Sweden won a bronze medal.^[62] In the final, the Olympic Stadium had 583 paid spectators, the largest number of spectators in Republic of finland watching a football match.^[63]

The first meeting between the Soviet Matrimony and Yugoslavia in football game is still amongst the most famous matches. On the political level, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the Yugoslav leader Josip Tito dissever in 1948, which resulted in Yugoslavia being excluded from the Communist Information Bureau. The origin of the conflict was Tito'due south refusal to submit to Stalin'due south interpretations and visions of politics and in process becoming a Soviet satellite state. Earlier the lucifer, both Tito and Stalin sent telegrams to their national teams, which showed just how important it was for the two head of states. Yugoslavia led five–ane, only a Soviet comeback in the final fifteen minutes resulted in a 5–5 draw. The match was replayed, Yugoslavia winning 3–1. The defeat to the archrivals hit Soviet football hard, and after just three games played in the season, CSKA Moscow, who had fabricated up well-nigh of the USSR squad, was forced to withdraw from the league and later disbanded. Furthermore, Boris Arkadiev, who coached both USSR and CDKA, was stripped of his Merited Principal of Sports of the USSR title.^[64]

Basketball [edit]

23 teams entered basketball, ten of which made it directly to the actual tournament. The remaining 13 countries took the final six places in the Olympic tournament before the official opening of the Olympic Games.^[65]

In basketball, gilded was won by the United states of america, who defeated Soviet Union 36–25. The final friction match was relatively tedious-paced, every bit the Soviet Union tried to keep up with the United States past freezing the game. The United States had already conspicuously defeated the Soviet Union 86–58 in the tournament. The bronze was won by Uruguay, who besides organized a mass battle in the tournament afterward being dissatisfied with the referee's work.^[66]

Field Hockey [edit]

Field hockey was included in the Helsinki Olympic Games in the range of sports on the condition that a maximum of 12 teams register for the Games. In the end, 16 teams applied for the competition, from which the International Field Hockey Federation selected 12 countries to participate in the competition venue. Eventually, 4 countries dropped out of the Games, so anyone was able to accept office in the Olympic tournament.^[67]

The tournament started with two rounds earlier the Games opened,^[67] and the final match was held on July 24.^[68] India and Netherlands met in the Velodrome last with India winning its fifth consecutive gold nether captaincy of Kunwar Digvijay Singh with a score of half-dozen–1.^[66]

Canoeing [edit]

Canoeing competitions were held Taivallahti 27–28 July. There were a total of 159 participants in eight men's and women'southward simply races, coming from 21 countries. ^[69]

Canoeing was a celebration in Finland, as four of the 9 sports went to the host state. In improver, the Finns took ane argent and a bronze. The double gold medalists were Kurt Wires and Yrjö Hietanen who won the kayak duo's ane,000 and ten,000 meters. In the but women's sport, the 500-meter kayak unit of measurement, gold was taken by Sylvi Saimo, who was the get-go Finnish female gold medalist in the summer competitions. The second most successful country in kayaking was Sweden, which won one gold and three silver.^[70]

Fencing [edit]

Helsinki Olympics fencing competitions were held on the Espoo side of the Westend Tennis Hall.^[71] The men competed with Épée, sabre and foil in both personal contest and team competition. The women had but a personal contest for foil in the program. There were 250 men and 37 women from 32 countries.^[72]

Italy, Hungary and France were, as usual, the best fencing countries and took all the gold medals. A total of six countries reached medals. The Mangiarot brothers Edoardo and Dario took a double victory over the film. Hungarian swordsmen won a triple victory over the preserve.^[73]

Modern Pentathlon [edit]

The Mod pentathlon Olympic competitions was held at Ahvenisto Hämeenlinna. A full of 51 competitors from 19 countries entered the sport. For the first time in Olympic history, the sport also included a squad contest.^[74]

Sweden, Hungary and Republic of finland shared the medals. Sweden's Lars Hall won the private competition, and Hungary was the best in the team competition. Before Hall, all Olympic winners of the sport accept been officers. Notwithstanding, Hall was a carpenter by profession.^[75]

Boxing [edit]

Töölö Sports Hall held Olympic boxing between 28 July to 2 August in ten weight classes. At that place were a full of 240 participants.^[76] A full of 17 countries won medals. The nearly successful boxing land was the United States, which won 5 gold. The Soviet Marriage won the most medals, just its boxers did not win a single title. Finnish boxers reached five medals.^[77] In the centre series, the American Floyd Patterson knocked out Romanian Vasile Tiță in a record-breaking 42 seconds. The American Norvel Lee, who won the heavyweight series, was awarded as the most technical boxer in the Games. In the heavyweight serial Ed Sanders got gold when the Swedish Ingemar Johansson was rejected for his passivity. Johansson did not receive his silver medal until 1982.^[78]

Wrestling [edit]

Wrestling was held in Helsinki in eight weight classes in both Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling. All finals were held in the larger Exhibition Hall I, merely freestyle wrestling events were held in the smaller Exhibition Hall Two. Complimentary push competitions were held on 20–23. July, and Greco-Roman wrestling matches took place on 24–27 July.^[79]

The near successful wrestling land was the Soviet Matrimony, whose athletes won six gold and a total of 10 medals in the sport. Sweden dominated gratis wrestling and received the second highest number of medals in wrestling overall.^[80] The overwhelming athlete in wrestling was the Soviet Johannes Kotkas, who competed in the heavy serial of Greco-Roman wrestling. He managed to beat all his opponents in less than 5 minutes.^[81]

Weightlifting [edit]

The Olympic weightlifting contest was held in seven weight classes with 141 competitors. Initially, at that place were to be but six weight classes, but a calorie-free heavyweight series was also added to the program, as a event of which the weight limit for the heavyweight serial increased from 82.5 kilograms to 90 kilograms. The addition of the new weight form took place and then tardily that there was no time to modify the race programme. Weightlifting was carried out according to plan at the Exhibition Hall on 25–27 July.^[82]

All 7 golden medals were awarded to athletes from the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviets won a total of seven medals, but the Americans took four championships, while the Soviets only took three. A total of 5 world records were prepare in weightlifting.^[77] In the heavyweight series John Davis continued his superiority, Davis had non lost a single event since 1938 and continued with his victory in Helsinki likewise.^[78]

Sailing [edit]

5.5m class competition. The second gunkhole left is the championship winning Complex II.

The competition took identify in the waters of Helsinki from 20 to 28 May in v different categories. Larger boats sailed in forepart of Harmaja lighthouse lighthouse isle, and the Finn race was held near Liuskasaari. A full of 93 crews from 29 countries took office in the competition.^[83]

The The states, Norway and Sweden took 3 medals. The United states was the just land to attain two gold medals in sailing. In the Finn that developed from the Firefly class, the Danish Paul Elvstrøm won the overwhelming championship.^[84] The gilded medal was the second in Elvstrøm's career. He later became the first athlete to win the aforementioned sport four times in a row.^[85]

Cycling [edit]

In cycling, medals were awarded in six sports, four for track cycling and 2 for road racing. In total, 214 competitors from 36 countries took part in the cycling. Track cycling competitions were held from 29 to 31 July and route driving on 2 August.

A total of seven countries collected medals and gold medals went to Italian republic, Australia and Belgium. Italy was the near successful land with five medals. Two gold medals went to Australian Russell Mockridge, who won the championship in the kilometer time trial and with his partner in tandem racing, and the Belgian André Noyelle, who won the 190 kilometer road race personal competition and team competition.^[86]

Equestrian [edit]

Equestrian events were competed in dressage, Eventing and show jumping in person and in team competition in a total of half dozen sports. Eight countries won medals in horseback riding, and Sweden was past far the most successful country. The Swedes won both races in both dressage and field riding.^[75]

For the events in first time non-military officers including women were immune to take function in dressage events in Helsinki. In a prove jumping, Danish Lis Hartel, paralyzed from her knees downwardly, was the first woman to win a riding medal after finishing second in the Olympics.^[75]

Rowing [edit]

Rowers competed in seven sports from the 20th to the 23rd of July.^[87] The competition was held in Meilahti, as Taivallahti, where the boating competitions took place, was too open to the body of water breeze.^[88] There were a full of 409 entrants from 33 countries.^[87]

Representatives from fourteen countries won medals, and but American rowers won two gold medals.^[86] The youngest Olympic winner of the Games was seen in Rowing. In the coxswain duo, the French winning team included fourteen years old Bernard Malivoire.^[89]

Diving [edit]

Diving competed in a total of iv men's and women'due south events. The Us led the events, as nine of the 12 medals in the distribution went to the country. In improver to the United States, only France, Mexico and Germany won medals in the sport. Patricia McCormick won Olympic gilded in the women from both the three-meter springboard and the ten-meter floor jump.^[90]

Swimming [edit]

At the Helsinki Pond Stadium men competed in six sports and women in five sports. High-level competitions were held from July 25 to two Baronial. Summertime Olympics in London had resulted in significant progress in the sport, and every Olympic tape was broken in each upshot.^[91]

The Americans dominated men's events and the Hungarians dominated women. Both countries won 4 gilt medals.^[90] Ford Konno was the virtually successful swimmer with two gold medals and i silverish. In the women's events Katalin Szőke won two gold medals and Éva Novák two silver in addition to the gold medal. The merely globe tape in the Games was set by the Hungarian women's 4 × 100 meter freestyle message team. The Helsinki Olympics, was the final instance where competitors could participate in Breaststroke in the butterfly stroke. In the men's events, no athlete swimming in the breaststroke style made it to the finals. In women, Novák won silvery.^[xc]

H2o polo [edit]

A full of 21 countries took part in the water polo tournament. The initial serial of the Games was to be played in the offshore pools, but due to the coolness of the water, the International Swimming Federation ordered all the matches to exist played at the Swimming Stadium. Because of this, some of the matches in the offset series had to be played equally early every bit six in the morning.^[92]

The water polo championship was decided in the final block, where the four teams faced each other once. Hungary and Yugoslavia ended in a draw subsequently winning two other matches and playing ii–2 each other. Hungary won gold with a meliorate goal difference.^[92]

Gymnastics [edit]

The 1952 Olympic gymnastics was dominated by the Soviet Matrimony, which participated in the Games for the kickoff time with athletes winning nine gilt medals and took a total of 22 medals. Finland, Germany and Switzerland, who previously dominated the gymnastics at the Olympics, were content with more modest success.^[93] A total of fifteen medals were awarded, 8 men's and seven women'south sports.^[94]

The most personal medals in gymnastics were taken by Viktor Chukarin in the men's events and Maria Gorokhovskaya in the women's events. Chukarin won four gold and two silver. Gorokhovskaya won medals in every women's sport. Her seven-medal catch (two aureate and five silver) is a tape for ane women's Olympics.^[94]

Athletics [edit]

Athletics was competed in 33 sports, 24 for men and 9 for women. By far the almost successful state was the Usa, which won 31 medals, 9 of which were gold. The Soviet Union reached 17 medals, simply won only two championships, and the eight-medal country Germany was left without first places. The second medalist was Czechoslovakia, with four of the 5 medals being the brightest.^[95]

Emil Zátopek won the 5,000 and ten,000 meters, as well equally the marathon, which he had never run earlier. On the women's side, the Australian Marjorie Jackson won the 100 and 200 meter runs. Globe records were prepare in seven events. In the triple spring Adhemar Ferreira da Silva broke the former earth record iv times. In the decathlon, Bob Mathias made a new ME and took the victory with a full score of 7,887 points, more than than 900 points to the next.^[95] Josy Barthel of Luxembourg pulled a major surprise by winning the 1500 chiliad.

Demonstration sports [edit]

According to the Olympic rules, the organizer of the Games was allowed to choose between two types of demonstration sports, 1 from away and one from Republic of finland. In connection with the Helsinki Games, a handball and baseball match was held. In the handball match of the Games, Sweden and Denmark faced at the Olympic Stadium. The level of playing outside was modest due to heavy rain. Sweden won by a goal from xix to eleven.^[96]

The baseball game match was also played at the Olympic Stadium. The Finnish Baseball Federation and Finnish Workers' Sports Federation teams competed in the outcome. The Baseball Federation won the match 8–four. During the breaks in both shows, the audience was entertained by the performances of Finnish male and female person gymnasts.^[97]

Events of the 1952 Summertime Olympics

Aquatics Diving (4) Swimming (11) Water polo (1) Athletics (33) Basketball (1) Boxing (ten) Canoeing (9) Cycling Road (2) Track (4) Equestrian Dressage (two) Eventing (two) Show jumping (2) Fencing (7) Field hockey (ane) Football game (1) Gymnastics (fifteen) Modern pentathlon (2) Rowing (7) Sailing (v) Shooting (7) Weightlifting (7) Wrestling Freestyle (8) Greco-Roman (viii) Handball (Demonstration) Pesäpallo (Demonstration)

Venues [edit]

With an almanac average temperature of 5.nine °C (42.half dozen °F), Helsinki is one of the coldest cities to have hosted the Summertime Olympics.^[98]

Most of the competition venues were located in Helsinki Metropolitan Surface area. Modern pentathlon and some field hockey games were held in Hämeenlinna^[99] and some football games by Tampere, Lahti, Kotka and Turku.

The master loonshit was the Olympic Stadium, which hosted the opening and endmost ceremonies, athletics competitions, football game semi-finals and finals, equally well as the prove jumping competition "Prix des Nations" were held.^[100] The stadium was built for the 1940 Olympics and opened equally early as 1938, merely had suffered under the bombing of World War Ii.^[20] It had to undergo expansion and refurbishment work. The physical auditorium section was expanded and a new temporary wooden auditorium was built on the due south and due north curves and on the e side, which increased the Stadium'southward audition capacity to about 70,000.^[101]

The Helsinki Velodrome was used to cycle the Olympic starts. Pictured are cyclists from the 2006 Bicycle Race.

The pond competitions were held at Helsinki Swimming Stadium, located just a few hundred meters east of the Olympic Stadium and with three pools: a racing, diving and children'southward pool.^[102] The swimming stadium could accommodate most nine,500 spectators, while the wooden eastern and standing stands for the Games could accommodate a total of about 6,000 people.^[103] The Off-white Hall near the stadiums (at present Töölö Sports Hall) many of the indoor events were held in 2 separate halls. In the bigger hall, men competed in gymnastics, wrestling and boxing. The smaller hall hosts the women'due south gymnastics, freestyle wrestling, weightlifting and basketball finals.^[104] Basketball game first round matches were played at Tennis Palace and fencing competitions were held at the Westend tennis center in Espoo.^[105]

The shooting events took place at the Malmi shooting range 11 kilometers from the centre of Helsinki, with the exception of clay pigeon shooting. Dirt pigeon shooting was performed on the Finnish Hunters' Association track Huopalahti.^[105]Ruskeasuo competed in dressage as well equally in Tali and Laakso in field riding.^[106]

The Töölö Rowing Stadium was congenital for rowing and canoeing events one kilometer from Taivallahti. Even so, the place was not accepted equally a place for rowing competitions, as it was open up to the sea cakewalk.^[107] The rowing took identify in Meilahti nigh 3 kilometers from the Stadium. The place was considerably more sheltered than Taivallahti.^[88] Harmajan on the lighthouse island a couple of kilometers off the coast of Helsinki was the starting and finishing area for larger sailing classes. Finn was the starting and finish point of the race Liuskasaari close to the coast.^[106]

The Marathon running road was north of the Stadium to Käpylä, Pakinkylä, Tuomarinkylä, Vantaa, Tikkurila and Korso. In Tuusula, Mätäkivenmäki there was a turning point from which the runners set off on their way back to the Stadium. The 50-kilometer walk was organized along the same route.^{[108] [109]} A memorial rock was afterward erected at the turning point along Old Tuusulantie.

A pond stadium was built in Hämeenlinna for Åland for the pentathlon. The other iv pentathlon events were too held in the vicinity of Åland.^[110]

Venues of the 1952 Summer Olympics

Hämeenlinna – Modernistic pentathlon Harmaja – Sailing Helsinki Football Grounds – Football Huopalahti – Shooting (shotgun) Käpylä – Cycling (road) Kotka – Football Laakso – Equestrian (eventing – riding) Lahti – Football Liuskasaari – Sailing Malmi Burglarize Range – Shooting (pistol/ rifle) Maunula – Cycling (road) Meilahti – Rowing Messuhalli – Basketball (final), boxing, gymnastics, weightlifting, wrestling Olympic Stadium – Athletics, Equestrian (jumping), Football (final) Pakila – Cycling (route) Ruskeasuo Equestrian Hall – Equestrian (dressage, eventing) Swimming Stadium – Diving, Swimming, Water polo Taivallahti – Boating Tali Race Track – Equestrian (eventing steeplechase) Tampere – Football game Tennis Palace – Basketball Turku – Football Velodrome – Cycling (rails), Field hockey Westend Tennis Hall – Fencing

Participating National Olympic Committees [edit]

Participating nations. Pictured in blue are nations participating for the first time. Yellowish dot: Helsinki

Number of athletes per country

A total of 69 nations participated in these Games, upwardly from 59 in the 1948 Games. Thirteen nations made their showtime Olympic advent in 1952: The Bahamas, the People's Democracy of Red china, Golden Coast (now Ghana), Guatemala, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Netherlands Antilles, Nigeria, Soviet Union (USSR), Thailand, and Vietnam.

Japan and Germany were both reinstated and permitted to send athletes subsequently being banned for 1948 for their instigation of World State of war II. Due to the division of Frg, High german athletes from Saar entered a separate team for the simply time. Only Westward Germany would provide athletes for the bodily High german team, since Due east Federal republic of germany refused to participate in a joint German language squad.

Participating National Olympic Committees

Argentine republic(123)  Australia(87)  Austria(112)  Bahamas(7)  Kingdom of belgium(135)  Bermuda(6)  Brazil(97)  Bulgaria(63)  Burma(v)  Canada(107)  Ceylon(5)  Chile(59)  China(1)  Cuba(29)  Czechoslovakia(99)  Denmark(129)  Egypt(106)  Republic of finland(258) (host)  France(245)  Frg(205)  Republic of ghana(vii)  Great United kingdom(257)  Hellenic republic(53)  Guatemala(21)  Guyana(1)  Hong Kong(4)  Hungary(189)  Iceland(9)  India(69)  Republic of indonesia(3)  Iran(22)  Ireland(19)  Israel(26)  Italy(231)  Jamaica(viii)  Japan(69)  Lebanon(9)  Liechtenstein(two)  Grand duchy of luxembourg(44)  Mexico(64)  Monaco(eight)  Netherlands(104)  Netherlands Antilles(11)  New Zealand(15)  Nigeria(9)  Norway(102)  Pakistan(38)  Panama(1)  Philippines(25)  Poland(125)  Portugal(71)  Puerto Rico(21)  Romania(114)  Saar(36)  Singapore(v)  South Africa(64)  South Korea(19)  Soviet Union(295)  Spain(thirty)  Sweden(206)  Switzerland(157)  Thailand(8)  Trinidad and Tobago(2)  Turkey(51)  United States(286)  Uruguay(32)  Venezuela(38)  Vietnam(8)  Yugoslavia(96)

Medal count [edit]

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1952 Games.^[111]

50th ceremony coin [edit]

The 50th ceremony of the Helsinki Olympic Games was the chief motif for one of the first Finnish euro silver commemorative coins, the €10 argent money minted in 2002. The reverse depicts part of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium, as well as a section of the 1952 500 markka coin. The obverse has lettering SUOMI FINLAND 10 EURO, a flame, and Finland is the only land highlighted on Earth.

Admission tickets [edit]

In total 2,394,099 admission tickets were printed for the Helsinki games. About two meg of them were made Bank of Finland banknote press works.^[112] To prevent counterfeiting, tickets were printed on watermark banknote paper. Printing began in July 1951 and lasted four months.^[113]

In early 1952, the race organizers opened their own ticket offices for sales at habitation and abroad. They were sold abroad in 52 countries. Half of the more than 2 million access tickets were put up for auction abroad. All the same, only about 250,000 tickets were sold. However, strange tourists also bought a lot of tickets from Finland. A total of 1,376,512 tickets were sold for various competition events. At that place were iv different toll categories. Prices varied between 300 and two,100 FIM, which in electric current currency corresponds to most 9–65 euros. Ticket acquirement totaled approximately FIM 965 1000000, or EUR 29.7 one thousand thousand. ^{[114] [115]}

Archway tickets were printed in 10 different colors, depending on the venue and the auditorium. Except for the color, the flags were all like in advent. The texts in Finnish, Swedish, English language and French were printed on them, and the sport was also indicated by a symbol in the upper left corner. A spectator map was printed on the back of the entrance tickets. Tickets sold to Finland merely marked their Price Category, foreign tickets too marked the cost US Dollars.^[113]

In improver to tickets fabricated by the organizers, the City of Hämeenlinna printed its own entry tickets for modern pentathlon competitions held locally. They were simpler in design than other flags.^[113]

Impact and legacy [edit]

The Olympics influenced the Finns, the City of Helsinki and the image of foreigners. The Olympics can even be considered a symbolic determination for the mail-war years in Finland. Reconstruction of the land was practically completed in 1952, although at the beginning of the decade many had lived in temporary housing. The last state of war reparations was paid in September 1952, and regulatory policy was abolished at the same time.^[116]

On the closing day of the Games, 3 August 1952, President J.Grand. Paasikivi wrote in his diary: "The Olympics were a great success. Foreigners, including the magazines, have praised the good organization. This is a adept affair and advertising for us."^[117]

Helsinki cityscape was clearly a new impetus for the Olympics. The development of Helsinki had already begun in the late 1930s, when Parliament House, Lasipalatsi and Pääposti were built. Olympic dreams motivate many construction projects.^[118] Helsinki'southward entertainment and nightlife was modest compared to previous race hosts. Many temporary restaurants and entertainment venues were fix up in the city for the Games.^[116] The city had been planning a fair for decades, only fifty-fifty for this project, the Olympic host gave the terminal impetus. After the competition was confirmed, the city of Helsinki started looking for a place for an amusement park in Alppila. The Linnanmäki Entertainment Park was opened on 27 May 1950 on a plot leased in Dec 1949.^[119] The Olympics also developed Helsinki'south infrastructure with the construction of a new airport, Olympic Pier, new cobblestone and the city's kickoff traffic lights.^[120]

The affect of the Olympics on Finns is hard define. It was certainly good for Finns' self-confidence to create a successful major event together and at the same time get a new kind of contact with the interaction between peoples.^[121] For the first fourth dimension, many Finns were in contact with non-Caucasian foreigners at the Games.^[122] At the same fourth dimension, the Olympics united Finns in their disputes. For instance, Finnish Workers' Sports Federation and Finnish National Sport Federation potent disputes between were on a suspension during the Olympics, even though they continued even afterward the Games.^[123]

With internationalization, new products also arrived in Republic of finland. The all-time known of these is Coca-Cola (Coca-Cola arrived in Republic of finland every bit early as the 1930s through Stockmann).^[123] In addition, chewing gum was imported for the starting time time, and Alko launched new drinks, including Gin Long Drink.^[124]

Finland's relations with United kingdom clearly warmed upwards thanks to the Olympics. This was particularly influenced by the fact that Prince Philip, who came to visit the Games, received a warm welcome in Finland. After the 2d Earth War, Britain had been rude to Finland, merely the Olympics showed that Republic of finland belonged to the Western earth.^[125]

"The Last Real Olympics" [edit]

In Finland, the Helsinki Olympics are sometimes chosen the last real Olympics,^{[126] [127]} when trying to emphasize the nature of the Games as the final Games of the true Olympic spirit, a sporting and non-commercial event.^[128] For instance, a book about competitions written by Antero Raevuori is named after this maxim. Still, the phrase was invented in Finland and is not used elsewhere in the world. It was developed at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, when doping began to become more widespread in sports, 1972 Summer Olympics the Munich massacre, and the 1976, 1980 and 1984 the Summer Olympics were widely boycotted.^[128]

In a way, the Helsinki Olympics were a return to smaller competitions due to resources, every bit Finland is the smallest country to host the Summer Olympics. However the 1956 Summer Olympics involved fewer participating athletes than in Helsinki, and in practice it was not until the 1970s that the Games clearly began to aggrandize. The Helsinki Olympics were still relatively non-commercial, although the Smooth press, for example, barked at the Helsinki Olympics as "competitions for disgusting traders". The Helsinki Games were too non much smaller in terms of marketing than the following Games, and marketing was well known in the Olympic world with Kodak supporting the Games as far back equally the 1896 Summertime Olympics.^[128]

Gallery [edit]

• 

  Nations enter

• 

  Soviet squad entrance

• 

  Nations at the 1952 Olympics

• 

  Paavo Nurmi enters the Helsinki Olympic Stadium carrying the torch during the opening ceremonies. He became the first well-known athlete to light the Olympic Flame.

• 

  After Jean Boiteux won the 400 chiliad freestyle race his father jumped into the pool to congratulate him

• 

  Boiteux helps his father climb out

• 

  Route cycling. Racers turn from Käpyläntie to Koskelantie.

Run into also [edit]

• 1952 Winter Olympics

• List of IOC country codes
• 1952 Summertime Olympics torch relay

References [edit]

Notes

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b} "Factsheet – Opening Anniversary of the Games of the Olympiad" (PDF) (Printing release). International Olympic Committee. 13 September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on fourteen August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
2. ^ Bascomb, Neal (2005). The Perfect Mile: Three Athletes, One Goal, and Less Than Iv Minutes to Accomplish It . Mariner Books. ISBN9780618562091.
3. ^ In 1952, the word Olympiad was however relatively foreign to Republic of finland, equally evidenced by its full assimilation to the word olympia in the logo and stamps of the Games. The poster for the Games, on the other manus, erroneously features the XVth Olympic Games, the "Xv Olympic Games," even though they were the XV "Olympics", but merely the 12th (XII) Summer Olympics. In addition, the English language version had a suffix indicating order, although Roman numerals already limited order equally such.
4. ^ "Suursota esti suomalaisten odottaman Helsingin olympiaisännyyden 1940" [The Swell War prevented the Helsinki Olympics 1940]. Suomifinland100.fi (in Finnish). Helsinki Finnish Gild. Retrieved sixteen July 2017.
5. ^ ^{a b} Wickström 2002, p. 13.
6. ^ "International Olympic Committee Vote History". 9 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
7. ^ ^{a b} "SUOMEN HAAVE OLYMPIAISÄNNYYDESTÄ JA SEN TOTEUTUMINEN" [Finland 's dream of hosting an Olympics and its realization] (in Finnish). City of Helsinki. Archived from the original on 25 March 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
8. ^ Antero Raevuori (24 Apr 2013). "Winter War and Olympic Games". Seura.fi (in Finnish). Otavamedia. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
9. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 20.
10. ^ "Past Olympic Host City Election Results". Games Bids. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Nygrén, Helge; Siukonen, Markku, eds. (1978). Suuri Olympiateos [Great Olympic Piece of work] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä. pp. 268–269. ISBN951-9466-05-3.
12. ^ Findling, John Due east.; Pelle, Kimberly, eds. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modernistic Olympic Movement . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 117. ISBN978-031-33227-8-5.
13. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 59.
14. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 61.
15. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 17.
16. ^ Margol, Brenna. "How the Cold War Affected the Olympic Movement". Drexel University. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010.
17. ^ "Sport: The Games Brainstorm". Fourth dimension. 28 July 1952. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010.
18. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 94.
19. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. xx.
20. ^ ^{a b} Wickström 2002, p. 24.
21. ^ ^{a b} Wickström 2002, p. 26.
22. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 28.
23. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 30.
24. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 34.
25. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 35.
26. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 36.
27. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 32.
28. ^ Sibelius Park Mini Golf game. "Sibelius Park Mini Golf: History" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
29. ^ ^{a b c} Koskinen, Juha T. "Olympiafanfaari ja -hymni" [Olympic Fanfare and Canticle] (in Finnish). Yle Theme. Archived from the original on 15 February 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
30. ^ ^{a b c} Wickström 2002, p. 69.
31. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 70.
32. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 73.
33. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 41.
34. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 105.
35. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 219.
36. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 205.
37. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 209.
38. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 211.
39. ^ Kolkka 1955, pp. 215–217.
40. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 44.
41. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 79.
42. ^ ^{a b} Wickström 2002, p. 80.
43. ^ Finnish president Paasikivi sends his Olympic greetings in English
44. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 52.
45. ^ Mulvenney, Nick (7 Baronial 2008). "Chen Chengda, People's republic of china's well-nigh Olympian". Reuters . Retrieved 16 September 2015.
46. ^ "On This Day: 1952: 20 July: Zatopek wins gold at Helsinki". BBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2015.
47. ^ Washburn, J.North. (21 July 1974). "Soviet Apprentice Athlete: A Existent Pro". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
48. ^ Oates, Bob (22 July 1986). "Sports in Soviet Matrimony Simply For Elite: There Are Meridian Athletes, and Then In that location Are Those Who Sunbathe and Watch Drawbridges Go Upwardly". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
49. ^ "The Role of Sports in The Soviet Union – Guided History". blogs.bu.edu.
50. ^ "Info" (PDF). world wide web.cia.gov.
51. ^ Salisbury, Harrison Due east. "Russians Hail Olympic 'Victory' Merely Fail to Substantiate Claim; Pravda Cites 'World Superiority' of Soviet Athletes in Helsinki Games Without Providing Tabulation of Points". The New York Times . Retrieved 27 Feb 2022.
52. ^ 1952 Summer Olympics official written report. p. 91. – accessed 1 August 2010. ^{[ dead link ]}
53. ^ "Helsinki 1952 – Games of the XV Olympiad". International Olympic Committee. 11 March 2016. Archived from the original on xix June 2008.
54. ^ "Factsheet – The Games of the Olympiad" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
55. ^ "Helsinki 1952". Official Website of the Olympic Movement. 11 March 2016.
56. ^ "Consequence results". Official Website of the Olympic Movement. xi March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 Apr 2016.
57. ^ "1952 Helsinki Summer Games". Sports-Reference. eleven March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved eight June 2021.
58. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 118.
59. ^ Arponen 1996, p. 166.
60. ^ Raevuori 2002, pp. 160–162.
61. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 130.
62. ^ Arponen 1996, p. 168.
63. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 73.
64. ^ Piskor, Tommy (xx December 2015). "USSR – Yugoslavia, the Story of Ii Different Football Conceptions". russianfootballnews.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017.
65. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 672.
66. ^ ^{a b} Raevuori 2002, p. 180.
67. ^ ^{a b} Kolkka 1955, p. 690.
68. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 691.
69. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 624.
70. ^ Arponen 1996, p. 165.
71. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 126.
72. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 471.
73. ^ Arponen 1996, pp. 166–167.
74. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 505.
75. ^ ^{a b c} Arponen 1996, p. 167.
76. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 396.
77. ^ ^{a b} Arponen 1996, pp. 160–161.
78. ^ ^{a b} Arponen 1996, p. 161.
79. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 346.
80. ^ Arponen 1996, pp. 159–160.
81. ^ Arponen 1996, p. 160.
82. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 382.
83. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 638.
84. ^ Arponen 1996, pp. 165–166.
85. ^ "Paul Elvstrom". Olympic.ca. Official website of the Olympic Movement. Archived from the original on 1 August 2008.
86. ^ ^{a b} Arponen 1996, p. 164.
87. ^ ^{a b} Kolkka 1955, p. 606.
88. ^ ^{a b} Kolkka 1955, p. 54.
89. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 607.
90. ^ ^{a b c} Arponen 1996, pp. 158–159.
91. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 558.
92. ^ ^{a b} Wickström 2002, p. 121.
93. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 87.
94. ^ ^{a b} Arponen 1996, pp. 162–163.
95. ^ ^{a b} Arponen 1996, pp. 155–158.
96. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 122.
97. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 125.
98. ^ Marc Sollinger (vi February 2014). "The 9 weirdest cities that have hosted the Olympics (and why!)". world wide web.marketplace.org.
99. ^ "Olympialaisten maahockeyotteluiden muistolaatta" [Commemorative plaque for the Olympic field hockey matches]. Urban center of Hämeenlinna. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018.
100. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 44.
101. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 22.
102. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 47.
103. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 48.
104. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 51.
105. ^ ^{a b} Kolkka 1955, p. 57.
106. ^ ^{a b} Kolkka 1955, p. 58.
107. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 52.
108. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 306.
109. ^ "Syöpä selätetty, juhlistetaan juosten" [Cancer reversed, celebrated past running]. Cardinal Uusimaa. Etelä-Suomen Media. 23 November 2014. Archived from the original on 8 Dec 2014.
110. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 25.
111. ^ Byron, Lee; Cox, Amanda; Ericson, Matthew (4 Baronial 2008). "A Map of Olympic Medals". The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2015.
112. ^ Kolkka 1955, p. 166.
113. ^ ^{a b c} Kolkka 1955, pp. 164–165.
114. ^ Kolkka 1955, pp. 167–168.
115. ^ Statistics Finland, Monetary coefficient 1860–2011. Referred to nine January 2013.
116. ^ ^{a b} Korhonen, Anna. "Helsinki Olympics 1952". YLE Theme. Archived from the original on viii March 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
117. ^ Yrjö Blomstedt and Matti Klinge (ed.): Paasikivi diaries , part 2, p 292. Porvoo. Helsinki: WSOY, 1986. ISBN 951-0-13349-3
118. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 17.
119. ^ Wickström 2002, pp. 43–44.
120. ^ Wickström 2002, pp. 34–36.
121. ^ "Vaikutukset Suomeen, suomalaisiin ja Helsingin kehitykseen kaupunkina" [Impacts on Republic of finland, Finns and the evolution of Helsinki as a city]. City of Helsinki. Archived from the original on 25 March 2008.
122. ^ Raevuori 2002, p. 13.
123. ^ ^{a b} "Vaikutukset Suomeen, suomalaisiin ja Helsingin kehitykseen kaupunkina" [Impacts on Finland, Finns and the development of Helsinki as a city]. Helsingin kaupunki. 22 October 2018. Archived from the original on 25 March 2008.
124. ^ Wickström 2002, p. 47.
125. ^ Raevuori 2002, pp. 190–191.
126. ^ "What happened so". MTV3. 1 July 2008. ^{[ dead link ]}
127. ^ "Helsinki Olympics 1952 Publication". Sports Museum. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
128. ^ ^{a b c} Saarnivaara, Pete (2012). ""Viimeiset oikeat olympialaiset" on suomalaisten oma keksintö" ["The Last Real Olympics" is Finns' own invention]. The World of Exercise and Sport (xx/02). Finnish Sports and Sports SLU Association. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2008.

Bibliography [edit]

• Arponen, Antti O. (1996). Olympiakisat Ateenasta Atlantaan [Olympic Games from Athens to Atlanta] (in Finnish). Porvoo: WSOY. ISBN951-0-21072-2.
• Kolkka, Sulo, ed. (1955). Official Report of the Organising Committee for the Games of the Fifteen Olympiad, Helsinki, 1952. Purvoo: Serner Söderström Osakeyhitö.
• Pukkila, Hanna; Linnilä, Kai (2012). Hyvä Suomi! 1952 [Good Finland 1952] (in Finnish) (2. painos ed.). Somerniemi: Amanita. ISBN978-952-5330-48-nine.
• Raevuori, Antero (2002). Viimeiset oikeat olympialaiset: Helsinki 1952 [The Last Existent Olympics: Helsinki 1952] (in Finnish). Helsingissä: Ajatus. ISBN951-20-6108-ii.
• Wickström, Mika (2002). Helsinki 1952 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomen urheilumuseosäätiö. ISBN951-97773-8-five.

External links [edit]

• "Helsinki 1952". Olympics.com. International Olympic Commission.
• Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report la84foundation.org
• Helsinki 1952 Official Olympic Report olympic-museum.de

Summertime Olympics
Preceded by London	15 Olympiad Helsinki 1952	Succeeded by Melbourne/Stockholm

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics

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